規模化經營:國內外工程機械租賃市場對比分析

時間：2014-03-31 來源(yuan)：河北路橋集(ji)團有(you)限公司

隨著(zhu)我國在(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機械化程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度的(de)(de)(de)(de)提高，筑路(lu)機械在(zai)(zai)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質量、施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全的(de)(de)(de)(de)關鍵作用(yong)是(shi)(shi)(shi)毋庸置疑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)。過(guo)去施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業大多是(shi)(shi)(shi)自身擁有施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設備(bei)，各施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業特別(bie)是(shi)(shi)(shi)大型(xing)優(you)秀(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業都(dou)培養了(le)一批優(you)秀(xiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)筑機操作維修人(ren)員(yuan)，在(zai)(zai)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)生產過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中起到了(le)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)。公(gong)(gong)路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)分為路(lu)基(ji)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、橋梁工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、隧道工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)、路(lu)基(ji)路(lu)面工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，進行(xing)什么專業施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)就需(xu)要(yao)相應的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設備(bei)。目前(qian)公(gong)(gong)路(lu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)都(dou)是(shi)(shi)(shi)通過(guo)招(zhao)投標(biao)(biao)確定(ding)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位，一個施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位中什么標(biao)(biao)?中幾個標(biao)(biao)?都(dou)存在(zai)(zai)很大的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)確定(ding)性，所以靠施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業自有設備(bei)完成中標(biao)(biao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)項(xiang)目幾乎(hu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)不(bu)可能的(de)(de)(de)(de)！產生的(de)(de)(de)(de)必然結果是(shi)(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單(dan)位依靠租賃(lin)(lin)設備(bei)完成中標(biao)(biao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，應運而(er)生的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)社會(hui)上(shang)眾多的(de)(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)機械租賃(lin)(lin)企業。

根據有(you)(you)關材料，目(mu)前國際上施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)銷售給(gei)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)商的(de)(de)(de)銷售額已達(da)到機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)總產值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)25%以上，歐美(mei)發(fa)達(da)國家租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)市(shi)場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)占機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)總量的(de)(de)(de)85%左右(you)，而國內該數值(zhi)尚未達(da)10%，我國的(de)(de)(de)經濟(ji)正處在(zai)(zai)一(yi)個飛速發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)階段，歐美(mei)國家的(de)(de)(de)現在(zai)(zai)就是(shi)(shi)(shi)我們(men)國家的(de)(de)(de)將(jiang)來，從這個角度(du)講，我國國內工(gong)(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)市(shi)場(chang)才剛剛起步，這個市(shi)場(chang)孕(yun)育著巨大的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)空間。因(yin)為今后的(de)(de)(de)幾年仍將(jiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)將(jiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)我國工(gong)(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)市(shi)場(chang)飛速發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)階段，結合(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)在(zai)(zai)公路施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程中的(de)(de)(de)關鍵作用，把(ba)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)企業的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理作為一(yi)個課題(ti)研究，將(jiang)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個不可回避的(de)(de)(de)問題(ti)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)(xie)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)(you)兩(liang)種(zhong)：實(shi)物性(xing)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)和融(rong)資(zi)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)，本(ben)文主(zhu)要(yao)論(lun)述(shu)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)實(shi)物租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)，所(suo)以文中的(de)(de)(de)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)均指實(shi)物性(xing)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)。

國內工程機械租賃企業的發展歷程：

筑路機械租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)發展初(chu)期，由(you)于大(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)數施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業是依靠自有設(she)備完成施(shi)工(gong)(gong)項目，社會上的(de)工(gong)(gong)程機械租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)企(qi)業很少。絕大(da)(da)多(duo)(duo)數的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企(qi)業雖然(ran)擁有龐大(da)(da)的(de)機械施(shi)工(gong)(gong)隊(dui)伍，但(dan)是即便沒有中(zhong)標工(gong)(gong)程也不開展設(she)備出(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)業務，而中(zhong)標工(gong)(gong)程量大(da)(da)的(de)企(qi)業由(you)于各(ge)種原因自身的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)設(she)備不能滿足需(xu)求，所以出(chu)(chu)現了一大(da)(da)批以徐州個體(ti)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)戶為代(dai)(dai)表的(de)個體(ti)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)商，從2000年到(dao)2010年這些個體(ti)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)商隨著(zhu)中(zhong)國(guo)高速(su)公路建設(she)市場(chang)的(de)繁榮可(ke)以說是走過了輝(hui)煌的(de)十(shi)年，特別(bie)是2010年受國(guo)家4萬(wan)億(yi)投(tou)資的(de)影(ying)響，工(gong)(gong)程機械租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)市場(chang)嚴重(zhong)的(de)供不應(ying)求，以徐州為代(dai)(dai)表的(de)個體(ti)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)市場(chang)達到(dao)了頂峰。但(dan)到(dao)了2011年隨著(zhu)4萬(wan)億(yi)投(tou)資的(de)結束，租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)市場(chang)迅速(su)下滑，租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)市場(chang)講到(dao)了冰點，徐州的(de)許多(duo)(duo)租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)和虧損，多(duo)(duo)個租(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)公司倒(dao)閉。

我國工程機械租賃市場的現狀：

目(mu)前(qian)，公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械實(shi)物(wu)租(zu)賃市場大概有三(san)部(bu)分組(zu)成(cheng)：個體租(zu)賃戶，較(jiao)大的(de)民營租(zu)賃公(gong)司，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單位成(cheng)立的(de)設備(bei)管理中心，大規模的(de)專業租(zu)賃公(gong)司。

個(ge)體(ti)(ti)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)戶：個(ge)體(ti)(ti)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)戶的數(shu)量最大(da)，擁有(you)的設備(bei)總(zong)量也最大(da)，個(ge)體(ti)(ti)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)戶有(you)著他們(men)的優勢：租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)價格(ge)定價靈(ling)活，購置(zhi)市場緊缺設備(bei)不(bu)需要任何審批手續，由(you)于(yu)其靈(ling)活性(xing)在(zai)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)市場也有(you)很強的競爭力(li)(特別是對一些管理不(bu)很規(gui)范的國有(you)施工企業)。但是個(ge)體(ti)(ti)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)戶也存在(zai)他們(men)的劣(lie)勢：缺乏優秀的操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)、維修(xiu)人(ren)才(cai)；由(you)于(yu)操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)、維修(xiu)人(ren)員的流動性(xing)造成其對工地(di)服(fu)務(wu)人(ren)員的管控能力(li)較弱(ruo)，也很難形成正規(gui)的、完(wan)善(shan)的銷售服(fu)務(wu)網絡(luo)，只能是單兵作(zuo)(zuo)戰，售后服(fu)務(wu)能力(li)沒有(you)保障。

較大(da)(da)的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)營租(zu)賃(lin)公(gong)(gong)司：隨(sui)著中國高(gao)速建設(she)的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)速增長(chang)，部分個體租(zu)賃(lin)戶成長(chang)成為了較大(da)(da)規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)租(zu)賃(lin)公(gong)(gong)司。這些民(min)營租(zu)賃(lin)公(gong)(gong)司有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)也(ye)已經初具(ju)規(gui)模，有(you)(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)甚至擁有(you)(you)上(shang)億的(de)(de)(de)(de)設(she)備資(zi)產(chan)，在(zai)租(zu)賃(lin)市場(chang)上(shang)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定的(de)(de)(de)(de)影響力(li)。他們的(de)(de)(de)(de)優勢是(shi)：具(ju)有(you)(you)一(yi)(yi)定規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)操(cao)作、維修(xiu)服(fu)務人員(yuan)，對出租(zu)設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)務能力(li)也(ye)相對較強，也(ye)形(xing)成了自身的(de)(de)(de)(de)銷售網(wang)絡(luo)。但(dan)是(shi)這些企業家族管理(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)影子(zi)太強，缺乏(fa)(fa)高(gao)素質的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理(li)(li)人才(cai)，缺乏(fa)(fa)工程(cheng)(cheng)施工咨(zi)詢的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)層次工程(cheng)(cheng)技術人員(yuan)，這將嚴重制約(yue)這些民(min)營租(zu)賃(lin)公(gong)(gong)司再(zai)進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)發展。所以近幾年徐州(zhou)許多(duo)較大(da)(da)規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)(de)民(min)營租(zu)賃(lin)公(gong)(gong)司也(ye)在(zai)走下坡路，好多(duo)已經走到了破產(chan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)邊緣。

較大規模的租賃企業分為三部分：

一是大型施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)組建(jian)的(de)(de)設備租賃公司，2000年到(dao)2010年租賃市場(chang)的(de)(de)繁(fan)榮和租賃市場(chang)高回報(bao)的(de)(de)特點，使(shi)許多擁有龐大設備資(zi)產的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業(ye)(特別是有許多閑(xian)置(zhi)資(zi)產的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)企(qi)業(ye))開始進入設備租賃市場(chang)，利用自(zi)身的(de)(de)閑(xian)置(zhi)設備創造一部(bu)分價值，以盤活資(zi)產、增加(jia)額外的(de)(de)經營收入。

二(er)是工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械生產廠(chang)家組建(jian)的租(zu)(zu)賃公(gong)司(si)，例如(ru)三一重(zhong)工(gong)(gong)、柳工(gong)(gong)、徐工(gong)(gong)、陜建(jian)都有(you)自身的設備租(zu)(zu)賃公(gong)司(si)；

三是原(yuan)先搞融(rong)資租(zu)賃的大型企業轉而做實物(wu)租(zu)賃，例如上海(hai)宏(hong)信設備(bei)工程有限公司。

租(zu)賃公司的(de)優(you)勢是：具備(bei)(bei)高素質的(de)經營管理(li)人才和(he)操作、維修服務(wu)(wu)人員，對(dui)出(chu)租(zu)設備(bei)(bei)的(de)服務(wu)(wu)保障能力強，甚至可以(yi)替客(ke)戶(hu)提供工程(cheng)施工一攬子解決方(fang)案(an)。但是這些公司也(ye)存(cun)在(zai)他們自身的(de)劣勢：定價體制死(si)板，市場(chang)(chang)上缺(que)乏(fa)緊缺(que)設備(bei)(bei)時需要層(ceng)層(ceng)審(shen)批，也(ye)就是說市場(chang)(chang)反應速度慢，規模也(ye)不夠大，雖然有(you)一定的(de)市場(chang)(chang)影響(xiang)力，但缺(que)乏(fa)控制市場(chang)(chang)的(de)能力。

國外工程機械租賃市場的狀況：

歐美發達國家(jia)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)市(shi)場的(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械占機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械總(zong)量的(de)(de)85%左右，單(dan)從這個(ge)數字就可(ke)以看出發達國家(jia)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)市(shi)場的(de)(de)普(pu)及程(cheng)度(du)。在歐洲(zhou)，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)企業向租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)公司租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械分為兩種：短期使(shi)用的(de)(de)是(shi)連人(駕駛(shi)員)帶機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)，長期租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)的(de)(de)，也可(ke)以只租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)設(she)備，自配駕駛(shi)員。又(you)分簡單(dan)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)和全(quan)包(bao)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)。簡單(dan)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)客戶需要什(shen)么施(shi)工(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)商就為客戶提(ti)供(gong)什(shen)么施(shi)工(gong)(gong)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械，這種租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)類似我國租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)市(shi)場上(shang)個(ge)體租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)上(shang)提(ti)供(gong)的(de)(de)設(she)備出租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)。全(quan)包(bao)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)是(shi)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)(lin)商為客戶提(ti)供(gong)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)方案優選咨(zi)詢、租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)使(shi)用服(fu)(fu)務和維修服(fu)(fu)務、竣工(gong)(gong)資(zi)料整理服(fu)(fu)務等機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械施(shi)工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)全(quan)過程(cheng)服(fu)(fu)務。

日本(ben)全國(guo)建設機(ji)械租(zu)賃(lin)協會(hui)綜合了(le)各租(zu)賃(lin)商的經(jing)營(ying)策略，提出了(le)“創立具有優秀經(jing)營(ying)和高新技術體制的可(ke)信(xin)賴租(zu)賃(lin)業(ye)”的行業(ye)經(jing)營(ying)目標(biao)。美國(guo)卡(ka)(ka)特彼(bi)勒公(gong)司(si)旗下(xia)的租(zu)賃(lin)公(gong)司(si)的廣(guang)告用語“在今天，您(nin)馬上(shang)可(ke)以(yi)方便(bian)地在卡(ka)(ka)特彼(bi)勒公(gong)司(si)各租(zu)賃(lin)點上(shang)租(zu)賃(lin)到適合您(nin)需要的機(ji)具”，體現了(le)卡(ka)(ka)特彼(bi)勒公(gong)司(si)可(ke)以(yi)快捷、方便(bian)為客戶(hu)提供高質量、低成本(ben)的租(zu)賃(lin)機(ji)械的經(jing)營(ying)策略。

國內外工程機械租賃市場的對比分析:

從前面的(de)內容我們可以看出國內外工程機(ji)械租(zu)賃市場(chang)的(de)區(qu)別：

第一，從(cong)市(shi)場份額上(shang)歐美(mei)發達國家(jia)租賃(lin)市(shi)場的工程(cheng)機械占機械總(zong)量的85%左右，而國內該數(shu)值尚未達10%。這說明我國工程(cheng)機械租賃(lin)市(shi)場還存在巨大的發展空間。

第二，從租賃公(gong)(gong)司(si)的規模方面，幾乎沒(mei)有(you)具(ju)備全國(guo)影響力巨大的設備租賃公(gong)(gong)司(si)，沒(mei)有(you)一個(ge)公(gong)(gong)司(si)敢于打出像美國(guo)卡(ka)特彼勒旗下租賃公(gong)(gong)司(si)的廣告語“在(zai)今天，您(nin)馬上(shang)(shang)可以方便地在(zai)卡(ka)特彼勒公(gong)(gong)司(si)各租賃點上(shang)(shang)租賃到適合您(nin)需要(yao)的機具(ju)”

第三，在(zai)(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)機(ji)(ji)(ji)制(zhi)方面(mian)，我國(guo)工(gong)程機(ji)(ji)(ji)械租賃市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)幾(ji)乎是(shi)(shi)“軍閥混戰”的(de)(de)局面(mian)，純粹是(shi)(shi)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)供求決定(ding)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)價(jia)(jia)格，價(jia)(jia)格嚴重(zhong)偏離其(qi)價(jia)(jia)值是(shi)(shi)經常性現象，在(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)外(wai)由于存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)具有全國(guo)影響力的(de)(de)租賃公司這些租賃公司具有租賃市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)定(ding)價(jia)(jia)權，所(suo)以(yi)雖然也存(cun)在(zai)(zai)(zai)租賃價(jia)(jia)格的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)場(chang)(chang)(chang)波動，但一般是(shi)(shi)圍繞其(qi)價(jia)(jia)值波動。在(zai)(zai)(zai)國(guo)內則(ze)不然，以(yi)VOLVO8820瀝青攤鋪機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)租賃價(jia)(jia)格為例(li)，一臺VOLVO8820瀝青攤鋪機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)售價(jia)(jia)大約為400萬(wan)以(yi)上，按照正常的(de)(de)回報(bao)率，應該是(shi)(shi)3-4年(或20-25個月)回收購置成本(不計設備作業(ye)過程中的(de)(de)人工(gong)和(he)維修保養成本)租賃價(jia)(jia)格應該在(zai)(zai)(zai)16萬(wan)/月--18萬(wan)/月。

但國內租賃市(shi)場的(de)價格最低為8萬/月，最高的(de)達到(dao)28萬/月，嚴重背離了其價值。

第四，在(zai)售(shou)后(hou)服務(wu)(wu)保障(zhang)方面(mian)，個體租(zu)賃戶經常性的(de)是(shi)購買一臺新(xin)設備(bei)，而操(cao)作人(ren)員是(shi)完全沒有經過培訓的(de)人(ren)員去操(cao)作，特別(bie)(bie)是(shi)在(zai)租(zu)賃市場供不應求(qiu)的(de)情況下，這(zhe)種情況更為多(duo)見。國外(wai)的(de)設備(bei)租(zu)賃企業(ye)售(shou)后(hou)服務(wu)(wu)保障(zhang)能(neng)力差(cha)(cha)距(ju)不是(shi)很大，而國內的(de)租(zu)賃企業(ye)售(shou)后(hou)保障(zhang)能(neng)力的(de)差(cha)(cha)距(ju)簡直是(shi)天壤之(zhi)別(bie)(bie)。

國外對租賃企業管理：

俗(su)話說：“他(ta)山之石、可以(yi)攻(gong)玉”國外(wai)對(dui)工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)(ji)械租賃(lin)企業(ye)的(de)管理是(shi)值得我國借鑒(jian)的(de)，另外(wai)雖(sui)然我國的(de)工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)(ji)械租賃(lin)市場已經走過了近二十年(nian)，但與國外(wai)發達(da)國家相比，我國的(de)工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)(ji)械租賃(lin)市場還(huan)有巨大的(de)發展空間(jian)。

為(wei)(wei)了滿足租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)市(shi)場(chang)日益增長的(de)(de)(de)需求和提(ti)高(gao)(gao)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)競爭力(li)(li)，發達國家的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)程機(ji)(ji)(ji)械租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)發展(zhan)更注重大力(li)(li)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)素質，如日本(ben)全(quan)國建(jian)設機(ji)(ji)(ji)械租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)協會正在推行(xing)“租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)企業(ye)(ye)第三次結構(gou)改善計劃”，開展(zhan)經營(ying)革新和強化(hua)(hua)經營(ying)基(ji)礎活動。其(qi)主(zhu)要(yao)措施(shi)為(wei)(wei)：購進環保性好(hao)、質量(liang)可靠、性能優良、使用安全(quan)的(de)(de)(de)新型租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)機(ji)(ji)(ji)械；租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)企業(ye)(ye)要(yao)取得ISO14000環保認證和ISO9002質量(liang)認證，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)環保和質量(liang)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)水(shui)平(ping)；強化(hua)(hua)財務管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、人才(cai)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、經營(ying)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、設備管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)、情報(信息)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)，降低租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)成本(ben)和價(jia)格；大力(li)(li)采用因特網(wang)(wang)和微機(ji)(ji)(ji)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)(li)等(deng)信息化(hua)(hua)技術(shu)，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)業(ye)(ye)信息化(hua)(hua)水(shui)平(ping)，為(wei)(wei)用戶提(ti)供快捷、全(quan)方位的(de)(de)(de)網(wang)(wang)上交易和服(fu)務；加強企業(ye)(ye)間的(de)(de)(de)協作租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)和小型租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)企業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)組(zu)合(he)，實現租(zu)(zu)賃(lin)(lin)(lin)資(zi)源(yuan)(設備)共(gong)享(xiang)，提(ti)高(gao)(gao)行(xing)業(ye)(ye)的(de)(de)(de)競爭力(li)(li)。

國外租賃業的發展歷程對我國工程機械租賃企業管理的啟示：

在我(wo)國(guo)，國(guo)家對(dui)(dui)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)租賃企業的(de)(de)(de)(de)管理幾乎沒有(you)資質(zhi)(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)，個體戶購買一臺施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)就(jiu)可以(yi)(yi)拿(na)出去出租施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)。而現(xian)(xian)代施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)已經在發(fa)(fa)回巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，不論是施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量還是施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)，施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用都(dou)(dou)是毋庸置(zhi)疑(yi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，以(yi)(yi)路面(mian)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)為(wei)例：混合料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)配合比要(yao)靠拌(ban)和設(she)備實(shi)現(xian)(xian)，拌(ban)和設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)和操作人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)素質(zhi)(zhi)就(jiu)基(ji)本決定(ding)(ding)了拌(ban)合料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)量和穩定(ding)(ding)性(xing)；路面(mian)攤(tan)鋪時，測(ce)量放線(xian)后，路面(mian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)平整度(du)(du)、壓(ya)實(shi)度(du)(du)要(yao)靠攤(tan)鋪設(she)備和碾(nian)壓(ya)設(she)備實(shi)現(xian)(xian)，質(zhi)(zhi)檢人員的(de)(de)(de)(de)檢測(ce)只能起到事后補(bu)救(jiu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)作用，這樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)事后補(bu)救(jiu)也往往發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)不了作用，因(yin)為(wei)事后補(bu)救(jiu)都(dou)(dou)是以(yi)(yi)返工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)即施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位的(de)(de)(de)(de)經濟損失為(wei)代價的(de)(de)(de)(de)，沒有(you)那家施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位愿(yuan)意返工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)！另外，機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)設(she)備對(dui)(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安全也是極其重要(yao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)因(yin)素。我(wo)國(guo)公(gong)路工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)機(ji)械(xie)(xie)(xie)租賃市場的(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)狀對(dui)(dui)保障公(gong)路施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)量施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度(du)(du)都(dou)(dou)存在巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)隱患。

鑒于(yu)以(yi)(yi)(yi)上情況，建(jian)(jian)(jian)議(yi)國家(jia)應該(gai)對工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)企(qi)業(ye)實施資(zi)質(zhi)管(guan)理，并實施行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)準(zhun)入制(zhi)度，不同的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)企(qi)業(ye)交由(you)不同的(de)(de)(de)部(bu)門或行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)管(guan)理協(xie)(xie)會審核(he)。例如：公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)企(qi)業(ye)由(you)交通部(bu)門或公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)協(xie)(xie)會進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)經營資(zi)質(zhi)審核(he)，建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)由(you)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)部(bu)門或建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)業(ye)協(xie)(xie)會進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)資(zi)質(zhi)審核(he)。機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)管(guan)理人(ren)員(yuan)、操作(zuo)(zuo)人(ren)員(yuan)、維(wei)修人(ren)員(yuan)達到(dao)相應能力后才(cai)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)設(she)備出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)經營，不同等級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)企(qi)業(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在不同等級(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)過程中(zhong)(zhong)從事(shi)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)經營。以(yi)(yi)(yi)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)為(wei)例：可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)規定(ding)(ding)：“一(yi)級(ji)(ji)資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)企(qi)業(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在一(yi)級(ji)(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)、高速公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)施工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)設(she)備，二(er)級(ji)(ji)資(zi)質(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)企(qi)業(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)在二(er)級(ji)(ji)公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)施工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)設(she)備，以(yi)(yi)(yi)此類推。對公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)企(qi)業(ye)實行(xing)(xing)(xing)年(nian)審制(zhi)度，即每年(nian)都(dou)有承租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)單位或公(gong)(gong)(gong)路(lu)(lu)施工(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)業(ye)主(zhu)單位提供出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)企(qi)業(ye)的(de)(de)(de)信譽(yu)評價。這(zhe)樣(yang)就可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)良好(hao)地規范設(she)備出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)行(xing)(xing)(xing)為(wei)，保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)進(jin)(jin)度。在這(zhe)個(ge)過程中(zhong)(zhong)也(ye)可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)實現工(gong)(gong)程機(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)(ji)械(xie)(xie)出(chu)(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)整合，起(qi)到(dao)優勝劣(lie)汰的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)。一(yi)方(fang)面可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)保證(zheng)工(gong)(gong)程建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)的(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量(liang)和(he)進(jin)(jin)度，另一(yi)方(fang)面也(ye)從一(yi)定(ding)(ding)程度上可(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)避免(mian)租(zu)(zu)(zu)(zu)賃(lin)市場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)惡(e)性競爭(zheng)。

租(zu)賃價格的(de)(de)惡性競爭對工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設(she)(she)(she)單位，不論(lun)是(shi)(shi)業主單位還是(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位都不是(shi)(shi)什(shen)么好事，因(yin)為在工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程建設(she)(she)(she)過程中，機(ji)械(xie)租(zu)賃費(fei)在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)中的(de)(de)占比(bi)比(bi)較小，一(yi)般職能(neng)占到工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程成(cheng)本的(de)(de)10%-20%，但(dan)發生的(de)(de)質(zhi)量事故，大約50%以上(shang)是(shi)(shi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)機(ji)械(xie)原(yuan)因(yin)造成(cheng)的(de)(de)(設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)故障(zhang)原(yuan)因(yin)和操作人(ren)員原(yuan)因(yin))。而(er)一(yi)旦發生質(zhi)量事故，造成(cheng)的(de)(de)損失是(shi)(shi)巨大的(de)(de)。并且如(ru)果(guo)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械(xie)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)保障(zhang)能(neng)力加(jia)強，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)進度加(jia)快給施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)單位節(jie)約的(de)(de)成(cheng)本遠(yuan)遠(yuan)大于其多出的(de)(de)租(zu)賃費(fei)用。因(yin)此(ci)規范工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械(xie)租(zu)賃市(shi)場(chang)，規范工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程機(ji)械(xie)從業行為是(shi)(shi)完全必要的(de)(de)。

從另(ling)一(yi)(yi)方面看，工(gong)程機械的(de)惡性(xing)低(di)價競爭，跟其(qi)他(ta)行業一(yi)(yi)樣(yang)，有(you)低(di)價的(de)時期(qi)(造成多(duo)數出(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)單位(wei)破產退出(chu)(chu))必然(ran)會有(you)高價時期(qi)(出(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)單位(wei)產生(sheng)超額(e)利(li)潤)，這樣(yang)對(dui)出(chu)(chu)租(zu)(zu)單位(wei)不是一(yi)(yi)件好事(shi)，對(dui)施工(gong)企業也(ye)同(tong)樣(yang)不是什么好事(shi)情(qing)！